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authormuqiuhan <[email protected]>2025-06-30 09:33:49 +0000
committermuqiuhan <[email protected]>2025-06-30 09:33:49 +0000
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downloadblog-1ad707138a6aa63521ec9a598ec251dec9ebac8e.tar.gz
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+ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗
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+ Jun 30, 2025
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+ <p>肠易激综合征 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS) 是一种常见的功能性胃肠病。其核心特征是在没有发现任何器质性病变(如炎症、溃疡或肿瘤)的情况下,患者长期经历腹痛、腹胀,并伴有排便习惯的改变(腹泻、便秘或两者交替)。</p>
+<h3 id="一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学"><a href="#一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学" class="headerlink" title="一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学"></a>一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学</h3><p>IBS 的病理生理机制非常复杂,并非由单一原因导致,而是多种因素相互作用的结果。目前的医学研究认为,其主要与以下几个核心机制有关:</p>
+<h4 id="1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis"><a href="#1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis" class="headerlink" title="1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)"></a>1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)</h4><p>这是 IBS 最核心的病理机制。大脑和肠道通过神经、内分泌和免疫系统形成一个双向沟通的“脑-肠轴”。在 IBS 患者中,这个轴的功能出现紊乱。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>自上而下:</strong> 心理压力、焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪可以直接通过大脑影响肠道的运动、感觉和分泌功能,从而诱发或加重症状。</li>
+<li><strong>自下而上:</strong> 肠道内的信号(如食物、气体、肠道菌群代谢产物)被过度放大后传给大脑,导致大脑对这些正常刺激产生过度反应,表现为疼痛和不适。</li>
+</ul>
+<h4 id="2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity"><a href="#2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity" class="headerlink" title="2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)"></a>2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)</h4><p>这是指 IBS 患者的肠道对各种刺激(如食物、气体、肠壁的牵拉)异常敏感。正常人可以耐受的肠道内压力或活动,在 IBS 患者身上却会引发强烈的腹痛、急便感或不适。这种“放大”的感觉是 IBS 腹痛的主要原因。</p>
+<h4 id="3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility"><a href="#3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility" class="headerlink" title="3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)"></a>3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)</h4><p>肠道肌肉的收缩和舒张节律出现问题,导致食物和粪便在肠道内的转运速度异常。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>转运过快:</strong> 肠道内容物过快通过结肠,水分来不及被充分吸收,导致腹泻(IBS-D)。</li>
+<li><strong>转运过慢:</strong> 肠道蠕动乏力,粪便在结肠内停留时间过长,水分被过度吸收,导致便秘(IBS-C)。</li>
+<li><strong>节律紊乱:</strong> 有时快有时慢,导致腹泻与便秘交替出现(IBS-M)。</li>
+</ul>
+<h4 id="4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota"><a href="#4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota" class="headerlink" title="4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)"></a>4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)</h4><p>IBS 患者的肠道菌群组成和功能与健康人存在差异。有害菌可能增多,有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)可能减少。这些失调的菌群会影响肠道屏障功能、产生过多气体、并激活免疫系统,导致腹胀和腹泻。</p>
+<h4 id="5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation"><a href="#5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation" class="headerlink" title="5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)"></a>5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)</h4><p>部分 IBS 患者的肠道黏膜中可以观察到轻微的炎症反应,例如肥大细胞等免疫细胞数量增多并被激活。这些细胞会释放组胺、5-羟色胺等物质,直接刺激肠道神经,引起疼痛和动力异常。这种情况尤其在感染性肠炎后发生的 IBS(PI-IBS)中更为常见。</p>
+<h4 id="6-遗传与饮食因素"><a href="#6-遗传与饮食因素" class="headerlink" title="6. 遗传与饮食因素"></a>6. 遗传与饮食因素</h4><ul>
+<li><strong>遗传:</strong> IBS具有一定的家族聚集性,提示可能存在遗传易感性。</li>
+<li><strong>饮食:</strong> 某些食物,特别是含有高<strong>FODMAPs</strong>(可发酵的寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇)的食物,在小肠内难以被吸收,进入大肠后被细菌快速发酵,产生大量气体并增加肠道渗透压,从而诱发腹胀、腹痛和腹泻。</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗"><a href="#二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗" class="headerlink" title="二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗"></a>二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗</h3><blockquote>
+<p>IBS的治疗需要个体化,所有药物都应在医生指导下使用。医生应该根据具体的 IBS 亚型(腹泻型、便秘型、混合型)和主要症状来选择最合适的药物。</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h4 id="针对主要症状的药物"><a href="#针对主要症状的药物" class="headerlink" title="针对主要症状的药物"></a>针对主要症状的药物</h4><p><strong>1. 针对腹痛和腹胀(解痉药)</strong></p>
+<p>这类药物通过放松肠道平滑肌,缓解肠道痉挛来减轻疼痛。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>匹维溴铵 (Pinaverium Bromide):</strong> 作用于肠道平滑肌的钙离子通道,选择性高,副作用较小。</li>
+<li><strong>奥替溴铵 (Otilonium Bromide):</strong> 与匹维溴铵类似,对结肠有较高的亲和力。</li>
+<li><strong>马来酸曲美布汀 (Trimebutine Maleate):</strong> 具有双向调节作用,在肠道动力过快时抑制它,过慢时促进它,对腹痛、腹泻和便秘都有一定效果。</li>
+<li><strong>薄荷油 (Peppermint Oil):</strong> 是一种天然的解痉剂,其肠溶胶囊可以有效缓解腹痛和腹胀。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>2. 针对腹泻 (IBS-D)</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>洛哌丁胺 (Loperamide):</strong> 是一种止泻药,能减慢肠道蠕动,增加水分吸收。适用于急性腹泻发作,但不宜长期连续使用。</li>
+<li><strong>蒙脱石散 (Montmorillonite Powder):</strong> 是一种肠道黏膜保护剂,能吸附肠道内的病菌和毒素,并覆盖在肠壁上形成保护层。</li>
+<li><strong>利福昔明 (Rifaximin):</strong> 一种几乎不被肠道吸收的抗生素,可以调节肠道菌群,减少有害菌和产气,对改善腹泻和腹胀有良好效果。</li>
+<li><strong>5-HT₃受体拮抗剂(如阿洛司琼 Alosetron):</strong> 能显著减缓肠道转运、减轻内脏敏感性。因可能引起严重便秘和缺血性结肠炎等副作用,使用受到严格限制,通常仅用于其他治疗无效的重度女性IBS-D患者。</li>
+<li><strong>胆汁酸螯合剂(如考来烯胺 Cholestyramine):</strong> 适用于因胆汁酸吸收不良导致的腹泻型IBS。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>3. 针对便秘 (IBS-C)</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>容积性泻药(如欧车前、聚卡波非钙):</strong> 通过吸收水分增加粪便体积,刺激肠道蠕动。使用时需饮用足量水,否则可能加重便秘。</li>
+<li><strong>渗透性泻药(如聚乙二醇 PEG、乳果糖):</strong> 通过在肠道内形成高渗环境,将水分保留在肠腔内,软化粪便,促进排便。相对安全,适合长期使用。</li>
+<li><strong>促分泌药:</strong><ul>
+<li><strong>鲁比前列酮 (Lubiprostone):</strong> 激活肠道氯离子通道,增加肠液分泌,软化粪便。</li>
+<li><strong>利那洛肽 (Linaclotide)、普卡那肽 (Plecanatide):</strong> 激活鸟苷酸环化酶-C,促进肠液分泌,并能一定程度上缓解腹痛。</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>4. 调节脑-肠轴功能的药物(精神类药物)</strong></p>
+<p>对于伴有明显焦虑、抑郁或常规治疗无效的顽固性腹痛患者,医生可能会考虑使用低剂量的抗抑郁药。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>三环类抗抑郁药 (TCAs)(如阿米替林):</strong> 低剂量使用可以有效缓解IBS的慢性腹痛,其抗胆碱能作用也有助于控制腹泻。</li>
+<li><strong>选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)(如氟西汀、帕罗西汀):</strong> 可用于伴有便秘和焦虑的IBS患者。</li>
+</ul>
+<ol start="5">
+<li>益生菌 (Probiotics)</li>
+</ol>
+<p>补充特定的益生菌菌株(如某些双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌)有助于恢复肠道微生态平衡,改善腹胀和总体症状。不同菌株效果各异,需根据产品说明和医生建议选用。</p>
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+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/06/29/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二五年六月二十九日
diff --git a/archives/2025/index.html b/archives/2025/index.html
index ec527934..ba45361c 100644
--- a/archives/2025/index.html
+++ b/archives/2025/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/06/30/ibs/">
+
+ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jun 30, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/06/29/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二五年六月二十九日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/">
-
- N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/2025/page/2/index.html b/archives/2025/page/2/index.html
index 2e30ba99..3fa5022a 100644
--- a/archives/2025/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/2025/page/2/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/">
+
+ N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/03/31/%E5%9C%A8F-%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/">
在F#中处理复杂依赖注入的实践指南
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/02/24/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二〇二五年二月二十四日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Feb 24, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/2025/page/3/index.html b/archives/2025/page/3/index.html
index 8f65de83..0badd020 100644
--- a/archives/2025/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/2025/page/3/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/02/24/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二五年二月二十四日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Feb 24, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/02/19/Repository-pattern-in-Typescript/">
Repository pattern in Typescript
diff --git a/archives/index.html b/archives/index.html
index d878c963..1bd13016 100644
--- a/archives/index.html
+++ b/archives/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/06/30/ibs/">
+
+ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jun 30, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/06/29/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二五年六月二十九日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/">
-
- N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/10/index.html b/archives/page/10/index.html
index c2cae327..8fd05dac 100644
--- a/archives/page/10/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/10/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/07/30/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二零二三年七月三十日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jul 30, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/07/21/WiscKey-Separating-Keys-from-Values-in-SSD-conscious-Storage/">
WiscKey: Separating Keys from Values in SSD-conscious Storage
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/05/02/Rust-Partial-%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89/">
-
- Rust Partial 语义
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">May 2, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/11/index.html b/archives/page/11/index.html
index 6c646001..9a4bfeb2 100644
--- a/archives/page/11/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/11/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/05/02/Rust-Partial-%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89/">
+
+ Rust Partial 语义
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">May 2, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/05/01/Rust-%E8%99%9A%E8%A1%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D/">
Rust 虚表布局规则介绍
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/03/01/%E6%B0%94%E8%83%B8/">
-
- 气胸
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Mar 1, 2023</span>
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-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/12/index.html b/archives/page/12/index.html
index abaf2ceb..e8abc4a4 100644
--- a/archives/page/12/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/12/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/03/01/%E6%B0%94%E8%83%B8/">
+
+ 气胸
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Mar 1, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/03/01/%E7%BA%AF%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%8A%A0%E7%82%B9%E5%95%A5/">
纯牛奶可以加点啥
@@ -327,24 +345,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2022/11/03/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%89%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二零二二年十一月月三日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Nov 3, 2022</span>
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-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/13/index.html b/archives/page/13/index.html
index b264baa8..335b740d 100644
--- a/archives/page/13/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/13/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2022/11/03/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%89%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二零二二年十一月月三日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Nov 3, 2022</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2022/10/01/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5/">
二零二二年十月一日
@@ -327,26 +345,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
- <div class="year-title">2020</div>
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
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-
- 二零二零年十二月二十六日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Dec 26, 2020</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/14/index.html b/archives/page/14/index.html
index 053d5256..854684db 100644
--- a/archives/page/14/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/14/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2020/12/26/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二零二零年十二月二十六日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Dec 26, 2020</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2020/12/09/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">
二零二零年十二月九日
diff --git a/archives/page/2/index.html b/archives/page/2/index.html
index 49147653..dcf9f6dc 100644
--- a/archives/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/2/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/">
+
+ N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/03/31/%E5%9C%A8F-%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/">
在F#中处理复杂依赖注入的实践指南
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/02/24/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二〇二五年二月二十四日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Feb 24, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/3/index.html b/archives/page/3/index.html
index 435644ad..a3517d79 100644
--- a/archives/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/3/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/02/24/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二五年二月二十四日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Feb 24, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/02/19/Repository-pattern-in-Typescript/">
Repository pattern in Typescript
@@ -327,24 +345,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/11/15/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%9A%E5%AF%B9%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D/">
-
- 西柚对药物的影响
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Nov 15, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/4/index.html b/archives/page/4/index.html
index e7859120..7c35d946 100644
--- a/archives/page/4/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/4/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/11/15/%E8%A5%BF%E6%9F%9A%E5%AF%B9%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D/">
+
+ 西柚对药物的影响
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Nov 15, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/10/18/10-Tips-for-Productive-FSharp-Scripting/">
10 Tips for Productive FSharp Scripting
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/09/08/%E4%B8%AD%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B2%89%E8%BF%B7%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/">
-
- 中老年人沉迷手机的问题
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Sep 8, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/5/index.html b/archives/page/5/index.html
index 5311e7a0..36ffdfbc 100644
--- a/archives/page/5/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/5/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/09/08/%E4%B8%AD%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E6%B2%89%E8%BF%B7%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/">
+
+ 中老年人沉迷手机的问题
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Sep 8, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/09/07/%E7%BB%99%E5%AD%A9%E5%AD%90%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9D/">
什么玩意儿都是
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/06/27/OCaml-News-2024-5/">
-
- OCaml News 2024-5
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Jun 27, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/6/index.html b/archives/page/6/index.html
index 82e0fc23..c29bedaa 100644
--- a/archives/page/6/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/6/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/06/27/OCaml-News-2024-5/">
+
+ OCaml News 2024-5
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jun 27, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/06/06/NET-AOT-%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84-F-%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E8%A1%8C%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%BA%93%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9/">
.NET AOT 下的 F# 命令行参数解析库选择
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/02/07/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二〇二四年二月七日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Feb 7, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/7/index.html b/archives/page/7/index.html
index 49e58a06..705e463b 100644
--- a/archives/page/7/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/7/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/02/07/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二四年二月七日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
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+ <span class="post-date">Feb 7, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
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+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
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-
- 二〇二三年十一月二十九日
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+ <a href="/2023/11/29/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二三年十一月二十九日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Nov 29, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
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+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
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Adolescent Onset of Acute Heart Failure
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
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-
- 血常规化验结果阅读指南
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+
+ 血常规化验结果阅读指南
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Oct 12, 2023</span>
+ </div>
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-
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diff --git a/search.xml b/search.xml
index 3e910656..3cd820f6 100644
--- a/search.xml
+++ b/search.xml
@@ -2510,6 +2510,73 @@ await prisma.$transaction(async tx =&gt; &#123;
</tags>
</entry>
<entry>
+ <title>肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗</title>
+ <url>/2025/06/30/ibs/</url>
+ <content><![CDATA[<p>肠易激综合征 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS) 是一种常见的功能性胃肠病。其核心特征是在没有发现任何器质性病变(如炎症、溃疡或肿瘤)的情况下,患者长期经历腹痛、腹胀,并伴有排便习惯的改变(腹泻、便秘或两者交替)。</p>
+<h3 id="一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学"><a href="#一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学" class="headerlink" title="一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学"></a>一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学</h3><p>IBS 的病理生理机制非常复杂,并非由单一原因导致,而是多种因素相互作用的结果。目前的医学研究认为,其主要与以下几个核心机制有关:</p>
+<h4 id="1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis"><a href="#1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis" class="headerlink" title="1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)"></a>1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)</h4><p>这是 IBS 最核心的病理机制。大脑和肠道通过神经、内分泌和免疫系统形成一个双向沟通的“脑-肠轴”。在 IBS 患者中,这个轴的功能出现紊乱。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>自上而下:</strong> 心理压力、焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪可以直接通过大脑影响肠道的运动、感觉和分泌功能,从而诱发或加重症状。</li>
+<li><strong>自下而上:</strong> 肠道内的信号(如食物、气体、肠道菌群代谢产物)被过度放大后传给大脑,导致大脑对这些正常刺激产生过度反应,表现为疼痛和不适。</li>
+</ul>
+<h4 id="2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity"><a href="#2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity" class="headerlink" title="2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)"></a>2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)</h4><p>这是指 IBS 患者的肠道对各种刺激(如食物、气体、肠壁的牵拉)异常敏感。正常人可以耐受的肠道内压力或活动,在 IBS 患者身上却会引发强烈的腹痛、急便感或不适。这种“放大”的感觉是 IBS 腹痛的主要原因。</p>
+<h4 id="3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility"><a href="#3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility" class="headerlink" title="3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)"></a>3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)</h4><p>肠道肌肉的收缩和舒张节律出现问题,导致食物和粪便在肠道内的转运速度异常。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>转运过快:</strong> 肠道内容物过快通过结肠,水分来不及被充分吸收,导致腹泻(IBS-D)。</li>
+<li><strong>转运过慢:</strong> 肠道蠕动乏力,粪便在结肠内停留时间过长,水分被过度吸收,导致便秘(IBS-C)。</li>
+<li><strong>节律紊乱:</strong> 有时快有时慢,导致腹泻与便秘交替出现(IBS-M)。</li>
+</ul>
+<h4 id="4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota"><a href="#4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota" class="headerlink" title="4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)"></a>4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)</h4><p>IBS 患者的肠道菌群组成和功能与健康人存在差异。有害菌可能增多,有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)可能减少。这些失调的菌群会影响肠道屏障功能、产生过多气体、并激活免疫系统,导致腹胀和腹泻。</p>
+<h4 id="5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation"><a href="#5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation" class="headerlink" title="5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)"></a>5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)</h4><p>部分 IBS 患者的肠道黏膜中可以观察到轻微的炎症反应,例如肥大细胞等免疫细胞数量增多并被激活。这些细胞会释放组胺、5-羟色胺等物质,直接刺激肠道神经,引起疼痛和动力异常。这种情况尤其在感染性肠炎后发生的 IBS(PI-IBS)中更为常见。</p>
+<h4 id="6-遗传与饮食因素"><a href="#6-遗传与饮食因素" class="headerlink" title="6. 遗传与饮食因素"></a>6. 遗传与饮食因素</h4><ul>
+<li><strong>遗传:</strong> IBS具有一定的家族聚集性,提示可能存在遗传易感性。</li>
+<li><strong>饮食:</strong> 某些食物,特别是含有高<strong>FODMAPs</strong>(可发酵的寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇)的食物,在小肠内难以被吸收,进入大肠后被细菌快速发酵,产生大量气体并增加肠道渗透压,从而诱发腹胀、腹痛和腹泻。</li>
+</ul>
+<h3 id="二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗"><a href="#二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗" class="headerlink" title="二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗"></a>二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗</h3><blockquote>
+<p>IBS的治疗需要个体化,所有药物都应在医生指导下使用。医生应该根据具体的 IBS 亚型(腹泻型、便秘型、混合型)和主要症状来选择最合适的药物。</p>
+</blockquote>
+<h4 id="针对主要症状的药物"><a href="#针对主要症状的药物" class="headerlink" title="针对主要症状的药物"></a>针对主要症状的药物</h4><p><strong>1. 针对腹痛和腹胀(解痉药)</strong></p>
+<p>这类药物通过放松肠道平滑肌,缓解肠道痉挛来减轻疼痛。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>匹维溴铵 (Pinaverium Bromide):</strong> 作用于肠道平滑肌的钙离子通道,选择性高,副作用较小。</li>
+<li><strong>奥替溴铵 (Otilonium Bromide):</strong> 与匹维溴铵类似,对结肠有较高的亲和力。</li>
+<li><strong>马来酸曲美布汀 (Trimebutine Maleate):</strong> 具有双向调节作用,在肠道动力过快时抑制它,过慢时促进它,对腹痛、腹泻和便秘都有一定效果。</li>
+<li><strong>薄荷油 (Peppermint Oil):</strong> 是一种天然的解痉剂,其肠溶胶囊可以有效缓解腹痛和腹胀。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>2. 针对腹泻 (IBS-D)</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>洛哌丁胺 (Loperamide):</strong> 是一种止泻药,能减慢肠道蠕动,增加水分吸收。适用于急性腹泻发作,但不宜长期连续使用。</li>
+<li><strong>蒙脱石散 (Montmorillonite Powder):</strong> 是一种肠道黏膜保护剂,能吸附肠道内的病菌和毒素,并覆盖在肠壁上形成保护层。</li>
+<li><strong>利福昔明 (Rifaximin):</strong> 一种几乎不被肠道吸收的抗生素,可以调节肠道菌群,减少有害菌和产气,对改善腹泻和腹胀有良好效果。</li>
+<li><strong>5-HT₃受体拮抗剂(如阿洛司琼 Alosetron):</strong> 能显著减缓肠道转运、减轻内脏敏感性。因可能引起严重便秘和缺血性结肠炎等副作用,使用受到严格限制,通常仅用于其他治疗无效的重度女性IBS-D患者。</li>
+<li><strong>胆汁酸螯合剂(如考来烯胺 Cholestyramine):</strong> 适用于因胆汁酸吸收不良导致的腹泻型IBS。</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>3. 针对便秘 (IBS-C)</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>容积性泻药(如欧车前、聚卡波非钙):</strong> 通过吸收水分增加粪便体积,刺激肠道蠕动。使用时需饮用足量水,否则可能加重便秘。</li>
+<li><strong>渗透性泻药(如聚乙二醇 PEG、乳果糖):</strong> 通过在肠道内形成高渗环境,将水分保留在肠腔内,软化粪便,促进排便。相对安全,适合长期使用。</li>
+<li><strong>促分泌药:</strong><ul>
+<li><strong>鲁比前列酮 (Lubiprostone):</strong> 激活肠道氯离子通道,增加肠液分泌,软化粪便。</li>
+<li><strong>利那洛肽 (Linaclotide)、普卡那肽 (Plecanatide):</strong> 激活鸟苷酸环化酶-C,促进肠液分泌,并能一定程度上缓解腹痛。</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p><strong>4. 调节脑-肠轴功能的药物(精神类药物)</strong></p>
+<p>对于伴有明显焦虑、抑郁或常规治疗无效的顽固性腹痛患者,医生可能会考虑使用低剂量的抗抑郁药。</p>
+<ul>
+<li><strong>三环类抗抑郁药 (TCAs)(如阿米替林):</strong> 低剂量使用可以有效缓解IBS的慢性腹痛,其抗胆碱能作用也有助于控制腹泻。</li>
+<li><strong>选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)(如氟西汀、帕罗西汀):</strong> 可用于伴有便秘和焦虑的IBS患者。</li>
+</ul>
+<ol start="5">
+<li>益生菌 (Probiotics)</li>
+</ol>
+<p>补充特定的益生菌菌株(如某些双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌)有助于恢复肠道微生态平衡,改善腹胀和总体症状。不同菌株效果各异,需根据产品说明和医生建议选用。</p>
+]]></content>
+ <tags>
+ <tag>Medicine</tag>
+ </tags>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
<title>Linux 下 AMD 显卡屏幕画面闪烁问题修复方案</title>
<url>/2025/04/20/linux-amd-screen-boom/</url>
<content><![CDATA[<p>不知道我们所说的闪烁是不是一个东西,在我的笔记本上,闪烁是指偶发的屏幕中出现部分彩色雪花。</p>
diff --git a/tags/Medicine/index.html b/tags/Medicine/index.html
index 70f2b007..47bed685 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/06/30/ibs/">
+
+ 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jun 30, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/03/20/%E8%82%BA%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E6%95%B0%E5%80%BC/">
肺功能检查数值
@@ -334,26 +352,6 @@
</div>
-
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- <div class="year-title">2023</div>
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/11/21/Adolescent-Onset-of-Acute-Heart-Failure/">
-
- Adolescent Onset of Acute Heart Failure
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Nov 21, 2023</span>
- </div>
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diff --git a/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html b/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
index 0c6d904a..950f3f95 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/11/21/Adolescent-Onset-of-Acute-Heart-Failure/">
+
+ Adolescent Onset of Acute Heart Failure
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Nov 21, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/11/16/Fever-of-Unknown-Origin/">
Fever of Unknown Origin
@@ -332,24 +350,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/03/14/%E8%9E%BA%E5%86%85%E9%85%AF%E7%89%87/">
-
- 螺内酯片
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Mar 14, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html b/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
index 2ec28981..27a80588 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/03/14/%E8%9E%BA%E5%86%85%E9%85%AF%E7%89%87/">
+
+ 螺内酯片
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Mar 14, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/03/14/%E5%91%8B%E5%A1%9E%E7%B1%B3/">
呋塞米