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diff --git a/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html b/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..d5f268a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,312 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> + + <meta name="author" content="韩暮秋"> + + + <meta name="subtitle" content="暮秋小屋"> + + + <meta name="description" content="这里是暮秋小屋，思念和灵感的寄存处"> + + + <meta name="keywords" content="韩暮秋,MuqiuHan,'Muqiu Han', 'muqiu han', muqiuhan"> + + + + + <title> + + 什么是 G⁺ | + 暮秋小屋 + </title> + + + + <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> + + + <style> + @font-face { + font-family: CarroisSong; + src: url('/fonts/CarroisSong.ttf'); + } + </style> + + + + <!-- stylesheets list from _config.yml --> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css"> + + + + + + <!-- scripts list from _config.yml --> + + <script + src="/js/menu.js"></script> + + + + + + <script + src="https://polyfill.alicdn.com/polyfill.js?features=es6"></script> + <script + id="MathJax-script" + async + src="https://lf6-cdn-tos.bytecdntp.com/cdn/expire-1-M/mathjax/3.2.0/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script> + + + + + <meta name="generator" content="Hexo 6.3.0"></head> + <body> + <div class="mask-border"> + </div> + + <div class="wrapper"> + + <div class="header"> + <div class="flex-container"> + <div class="header-inner"> + <div class="site-brand-container"> + <a href="/"> + + 暮秋小屋 + + </a> + </div> + <div id="menu-btn" class="menu-btn" onclick="toggleMenu()"> + 菜单 + </div> + <nav class="site-nav"> + <ul class="menu-list"> + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/"> + 主页 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/categories/gallery/"> + 日记本 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Medicine/"> + 医学 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Technique/"> + 计算机/互联网 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Life/"> + 生活 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/archives"> + 全部 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/about"> + 关于 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item search-btn"> + <a href="#">Search</a> + </li> + + </ul> + </nav> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + <div class="main"> + <div class="flex-container"> + <article id="post"> + + + <div class="post-head"> + <div class="post-info"> + <div class="tag-list"> + + + <span class="post-tag"> + <a href="/tags/Medicine/"> + Medicine + </a> + </span> + + + </div> + <div class="post-title"> + + + 什么是 G⁺ + + + </div> + <span class="post-date"> + Oct 19, 2025 + </span> + </div> + <div class="post-img"> + + <div class="h-line-primary"></div> + + </div> +</div> + <div class="post-content"> + <p>**G⁺（Gram‑positive）**是细菌在 <strong>Gram 染色</strong>（Gram stain）技术下呈现的染色特征。Gram 染色是一种经典的显微镜染色方法，依据细菌细胞壁结构的差异，将细菌分为两大类：**Gram‑positive（G⁺）**和 <strong>Gram‑negative（G⁻）</strong>。在染色程序中，细菌首先被结晶紫染料染色，随后加入碘液形成复合物，接着用酒精或丙酮脱色，最后用沙黄或复红复染。若细菌的细胞壁能够 <strong>保留结晶紫‑碘复合物</strong>，则在显微镜下呈现紫蓝色，这类细菌即被归类为 <strong>Gram‑positive（G⁺）</strong>；若细胞壁结构不保留复合物而被脱色，随后被沙黄染成红色，则为 <strong>Gram‑negative（G⁻）</strong>。</p> +<h3 id="为什么-G⁺-细菌能够保留紫色？"><a class="header-anchor" href="#为什么-G⁺-细菌能够保留紫色？">¶</a>为什么 G⁺ 细菌能够保留紫色？</h3> +<ol> +<li> +<p><strong>厚厚的肽聚糖层</strong><br> +G⁺ 细菌的细胞壁外层主要由 <strong>厚度约 20–80 nm 的肽聚糖（peptidoglycan）</strong> 组成，这层结构密集且富含交联的糖肽链，能够在脱色步骤中形成物理屏障，阻止酒精/丙酮的渗透，从而保留结晶紫‑碘复合物。</p> +</li> +<li> +<p><strong>缺乏外膜</strong><br> +与 G⁻ 细菌不同，G⁺ 细菌没有外膜（outer membrane）和脂多糖（LPS）层。外膜的缺失使得脱色剂难以进入细胞内部，进一步加强了紫色的保留。</p> +</li> +<li> +<p><strong>表面酶和酸性磷酸酶</strong><br> +某些 G⁺ 细菌在细胞壁上表达的酶（如酸性磷酸酶）可与染料形成更为稳定的复合物，进一步提升染色的持久性。</p> +</li> +</ol> +<h3 id="常见的-G⁺-双球菌"><a class="header-anchor" href="#常见的-G⁺-双球菌">¶</a>常见的 G⁺ 双球菌</h3> +<p>在呼吸道痰涂片中出现 <strong>“有荚膜的双球菌（capsulated diplococci）”</strong>，最典型的病原体是 <strong>肺炎链球菌（Streptococcus pneumoniae）</strong>。它是一种 <strong>革兰氏阳性（G⁺）</strong>、<strong>α‑hemolytic</strong>、<strong>嗜血清素</strong> 的双球菌，表面包裹有厚厚的多糖荚膜，正是该荚膜赋予它在显微镜下呈现明显的荧光或“胶状”外观。</p> +<h3 id="临床意义"><a class="header-anchor" href="#临床意义">¶</a>临床意义</h3> +<ul> +<li> +<p><strong>快速鉴别</strong>：在痰涂片或血培养的显微镜检查中，观察到 G⁺ 双球菌提示肺炎链球菌感染的可能性较大，帮助临床医生在培养结果出来前就能启动经验性抗生素治疗（如 β‑lactam 类药物）。</p> +</li> +<li> +<p><strong>抗药性与疫苗</strong>：肺炎链球菌的荚膜多型性（> 90 种血清型）是疫苗设计的核心依据，同时也影响抗体介导的吞噬作用。了解其 G⁺ 特性有助于解释为何某些血清型（如 3 型）在免疫逃逸方面更具优势。</p> +</li> +</ul> + +</div> + +<script> + window.onload = detectors(); 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