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diff --git a/2025/06/29/二〇二五年六月二十九日/index.html b/2025/06/29/二〇二五年六月二十九日/index.html index 6156325e..3a70db9c 100644 --- a/2025/06/29/二〇二五年六月二十九日/index.html +++ b/2025/06/29/二〇二五年六月二十九日/index.html @@ -209,6 +209,11 @@ <nav class="post-nav"> <div class="prev-item"> + <div class="icon arrow-left"></div> + <div class="post-link"> + <a href="/2025/06/30/ibs/">Prev</a> + </div> + </div> <div class="next-item"> diff --git a/2025/06/30/ibs/index.html b/2025/06/30/ibs/index.html new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3cb34ab9 --- /dev/null +++ b/2025/06/30/ibs/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> + <head> + <meta charset="UTF-8"> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0"> +<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"> + + <meta name="author" content="韩暮秋"> + + + <meta name="subtitle" content="暮秋小屋"> + + + <meta name="description" content="这里是暮秋小屋,思念和灵感的寄存处"> + + + <meta name="keywords" content="韩暮秋,MuqiuHan,'Muqiu Han', 'muqiu han', muqiuhan"> + + + + + <title> + + 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗 | + 暮秋小屋 + </title> + + + + <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"> + + + <style> + @font-face { + font-family: CarroisSong; + src: url('/fonts/CarroisSong.ttf'); + } + </style> + + + + <!-- stylesheets list from _config.yml --> + + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/style.css"> + + + + + + <!-- scripts list from _config.yml --> + + <script + src="/js/menu.js"></script> + + + + + + <script + src="https://polyfill.alicdn.com/polyfill.js?features=es6"></script> + <script + id="MathJax-script" + async + src="https://lf6-cdn-tos.bytecdntp.com/cdn/expire-1-M/mathjax/3.2.0/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script> + + + + + <meta name="generator" content="Hexo 6.3.0"></head> + <body> + <div class="mask-border"> + </div> + + <div class="wrapper"> + + <div class="header"> + <div class="flex-container"> + <div class="header-inner"> + <div class="site-brand-container"> + <a href="/"> + + 暮秋小屋 + + </a> + </div> + <div id="menu-btn" class="menu-btn" onclick="toggleMenu()"> + Menu + </div> + <nav class="site-nav"> + <ul class="menu-list"> + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/"> + 主页 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/categories/gallery/"> + 日记本 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Medicine/"> + 医学 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Technique/"> + 计算机/互联网 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/tags/Life/"> + 生活 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/archives"> + 全部 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item"> + <a href="/about"> + 关于 + </a> + </li> + + + + <li class="menu-item search-btn"> + <a href="#">Search</a> + </li> + + </ul> + </nav> + </div> + </div> +</div> + + <div class="main"> + <div class="flex-container"> + <article id="post"> + + + <div class="post-head"> + <div class="post-info"> + <div class="tag-list"> + + + <span class="post-tag"> + <a href="/tags/Medicine/"> + Medicine + </a> + </span> + + + </div> + <div class="post-title"> + + + 肠易激综合征 (IBS) 的病理学与药物治疗 + + + </div> + <span class="post-date"> + Jun 30, 2025 + </span> + </div> + <div class="post-img"> + + <div class="h-line-primary"></div> + + </div> +</div> + <div class="post-content"> + <p>肠易激综合征 (Irritable Bowel Syndrome, IBS) 是一种常见的功能性胃肠病。其核心特征是在没有发现任何器质性病变(如炎症、溃疡或肿瘤)的情况下,患者长期经历腹痛、腹胀,并伴有排便习惯的改变(腹泻、便秘或两者交替)。</p> +<h3 id="一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学"><a href="#一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学" class="headerlink" title="一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学"></a>一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学</h3><p>IBS 的病理生理机制非常复杂,并非由单一原因导致,而是多种因素相互作用的结果。目前的医学研究认为,其主要与以下几个核心机制有关:</p> +<h4 id="1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis"><a href="#1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis" class="headerlink" title="1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)"></a>1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)</h4><p>这是 IBS 最核心的病理机制。大脑和肠道通过神经、内分泌和免疫系统形成一个双向沟通的“脑-肠轴”。在 IBS 患者中,这个轴的功能出现紊乱。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>自上而下:</strong> 心理压力、焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪可以直接通过大脑影响肠道的运动、感觉和分泌功能,从而诱发或加重症状。</li> +<li><strong>自下而上:</strong> 肠道内的信号(如食物、气体、肠道菌群代谢产物)被过度放大后传给大脑,导致大脑对这些正常刺激产生过度反应,表现为疼痛和不适。</li> +</ul> +<h4 id="2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity"><a href="#2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity" class="headerlink" title="2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)"></a>2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)</h4><p>这是指 IBS 患者的肠道对各种刺激(如食物、气体、肠壁的牵拉)异常敏感。正常人可以耐受的肠道内压力或活动,在 IBS 患者身上却会引发强烈的腹痛、急便感或不适。这种“放大”的感觉是 IBS 腹痛的主要原因。</p> +<h4 id="3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility"><a href="#3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility" class="headerlink" title="3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)"></a>3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)</h4><p>肠道肌肉的收缩和舒张节律出现问题,导致食物和粪便在肠道内的转运速度异常。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>转运过快:</strong> 肠道内容物过快通过结肠,水分来不及被充分吸收,导致腹泻(IBS-D)。</li> +<li><strong>转运过慢:</strong> 肠道蠕动乏力,粪便在结肠内停留时间过长,水分被过度吸收,导致便秘(IBS-C)。</li> +<li><strong>节律紊乱:</strong> 有时快有时慢,导致腹泻与便秘交替出现(IBS-M)。</li> +</ul> +<h4 id="4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota"><a href="#4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota" class="headerlink" title="4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)"></a>4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)</h4><p>IBS 患者的肠道菌群组成和功能与健康人存在差异。有害菌可能增多,有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)可能减少。这些失调的菌群会影响肠道屏障功能、产生过多气体、并激活免疫系统,导致腹胀和腹泻。</p> +<h4 id="5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation"><a href="#5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation" class="headerlink" title="5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)"></a>5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)</h4><p>部分 IBS 患者的肠道黏膜中可以观察到轻微的炎症反应,例如肥大细胞等免疫细胞数量增多并被激活。这些细胞会释放组胺、5-羟色胺等物质,直接刺激肠道神经,引起疼痛和动力异常。这种情况尤其在感染性肠炎后发生的 IBS(PI-IBS)中更为常见。</p> +<h4 id="6-遗传与饮食因素"><a href="#6-遗传与饮食因素" class="headerlink" title="6. 遗传与饮食因素"></a>6. 遗传与饮食因素</h4><ul> +<li><strong>遗传:</strong> IBS具有一定的家族聚集性,提示可能存在遗传易感性。</li> +<li><strong>饮食:</strong> 某些食物,特别是含有高<strong>FODMAPs</strong>(可发酵的寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇)的食物,在小肠内难以被吸收,进入大肠后被细菌快速发酵,产生大量气体并增加肠道渗透压,从而诱发腹胀、腹痛和腹泻。</li> +</ul> +<h3 id="二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗"><a href="#二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗" class="headerlink" title="二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗"></a>二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗</h3><blockquote> +<p>IBS的治疗需要个体化,所有药物都应在医生指导下使用。医生应该根据具体的 IBS 亚型(腹泻型、便秘型、混合型)和主要症状来选择最合适的药物。</p> +</blockquote> +<h4 id="针对主要症状的药物"><a href="#针对主要症状的药物" class="headerlink" title="针对主要症状的药物"></a>针对主要症状的药物</h4><p><strong>1. 针对腹痛和腹胀(解痉药)</strong></p> +<p>这类药物通过放松肠道平滑肌,缓解肠道痉挛来减轻疼痛。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>匹维溴铵 (Pinaverium Bromide):</strong> 作用于肠道平滑肌的钙离子通道,选择性高,副作用较小。</li> +<li><strong>奥替溴铵 (Otilonium Bromide):</strong> 与匹维溴铵类似,对结肠有较高的亲和力。</li> +<li><strong>马来酸曲美布汀 (Trimebutine Maleate):</strong> 具有双向调节作用,在肠道动力过快时抑制它,过慢时促进它,对腹痛、腹泻和便秘都有一定效果。</li> +<li><strong>薄荷油 (Peppermint Oil):</strong> 是一种天然的解痉剂,其肠溶胶囊可以有效缓解腹痛和腹胀。</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>2. 针对腹泻 (IBS-D)</strong></p> +<ul> +<li><strong>洛哌丁胺 (Loperamide):</strong> 是一种止泻药,能减慢肠道蠕动,增加水分吸收。适用于急性腹泻发作,但不宜长期连续使用。</li> +<li><strong>蒙脱石散 (Montmorillonite Powder):</strong> 是一种肠道黏膜保护剂,能吸附肠道内的病菌和毒素,并覆盖在肠壁上形成保护层。</li> +<li><strong>利福昔明 (Rifaximin):</strong> 一种几乎不被肠道吸收的抗生素,可以调节肠道菌群,减少有害菌和产气,对改善腹泻和腹胀有良好效果。</li> +<li><strong>5-HT₃受体拮抗剂(如阿洛司琼 Alosetron):</strong> 能显著减缓肠道转运、减轻内脏敏感性。因可能引起严重便秘和缺血性结肠炎等副作用,使用受到严格限制,通常仅用于其他治疗无效的重度女性IBS-D患者。</li> +<li><strong>胆汁酸螯合剂(如考来烯胺 Cholestyramine):</strong> 适用于因胆汁酸吸收不良导致的腹泻型IBS。</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>3. 针对便秘 (IBS-C)</strong></p> +<ul> +<li><strong>容积性泻药(如欧车前、聚卡波非钙):</strong> 通过吸收水分增加粪便体积,刺激肠道蠕动。使用时需饮用足量水,否则可能加重便秘。</li> +<li><strong>渗透性泻药(如聚乙二醇 PEG、乳果糖):</strong> 通过在肠道内形成高渗环境,将水分保留在肠腔内,软化粪便,促进排便。相对安全,适合长期使用。</li> +<li><strong>促分泌药:</strong><ul> +<li><strong>鲁比前列酮 (Lubiprostone):</strong> 激活肠道氯离子通道,增加肠液分泌,软化粪便。</li> +<li><strong>利那洛肽 (Linaclotide)、普卡那肽 (Plecanatide):</strong> 激活鸟苷酸环化酶-C,促进肠液分泌,并能一定程度上缓解腹痛。</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>4. 调节脑-肠轴功能的药物(精神类药物)</strong></p> +<p>对于伴有明显焦虑、抑郁或常规治疗无效的顽固性腹痛患者,医生可能会考虑使用低剂量的抗抑郁药。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>三环类抗抑郁药 (TCAs)(如阿米替林):</strong> 低剂量使用可以有效缓解IBS的慢性腹痛,其抗胆碱能作用也有助于控制腹泻。</li> +<li><strong>选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)(如氟西汀、帕罗西汀):</strong> 可用于伴有便秘和焦虑的IBS患者。</li> +</ul> +<ol start="5"> +<li>益生菌 (Probiotics)</li> +</ol> +<p>补充特定的益生菌菌株(如某些双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌)有助于恢复肠道微生态平衡,改善腹胀和总体症状。不同菌株效果各异,需根据产品说明和医生建议选用。</p> + +</div> + +<script> + window.onload = detectors(); +</script> + <div class="post-footer"> + <div class="h-line-primary"></div> + <nav class="post-nav"> + <div class="prev-item"> + + </div> + <div class="next-item"> + + <div class="icon arrow-right"></div> + <div class="post-link"> + <a href="/2025/06/29/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/">Next</a> + </div> + + </div> + </nav> +</div> + + + <div class="post-comment"> + + + + + + + +</div> + + +</article> + </div> + </div> + + <div class="footer"> + <div class="flex-container"> + <div class="footer-text"> + + + 韩暮秋 | + + + 希望路过的人可以添点柴火让这里暖和点 + + </div> + </div> +</div> + + </div> + + + <div class="search-popup"> + <div class="search-popup-overlay"> + </div> + <div class="search-popup-window" > + <div 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href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/"> - - N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM - - </a> - </div> - - <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span> - </div> - - <div id="paginator"> <div class=paginator> diff --git a/archives/2025/page/2/index.html b/archives/2025/page/2/index.html index 2e30ba99..3fa5022a 100644 --- a/archives/2025/page/2/index.html +++ b/archives/2025/page/2/index.html @@ -170,6 +170,24 @@ <div class="post-list-item"> <div class="post-title"> + <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/"> + + N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM + + </a> + </div> + + <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span> + </div> + + + + + + + + <div class="post-list-item"> + <div class="post-title"> <a href="/2025/03/31/%E5%9C%A8F-%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E5%A4%8D%E6%9D%82%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E6%B3%A8%E5%85%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/"> 在F#中处理复杂依赖注入的实践指南 @@ -325,24 +343,6 @@ </div> - - - - - - <div class="post-list-item"> - <div 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+170,24 @@ <div class="post-list-item"> <div class="post-title"> + <a href="/2023/07/30/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%83%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E6%97%A5/"> + + 二零二三年七月三十日 + + </a> + </div> + + <span class="post-date">Jul 30, 2023</span> + </div> + + + + + + + + <div class="post-list-item"> + <div class="post-title"> <a href="/2023/07/21/WiscKey-Separating-Keys-from-Values-in-SSD-conscious-Storage/"> WiscKey: Separating Keys from Values in SSD-conscious Storage @@ -325,24 +343,6 @@ </div> - - - - - - <div class="post-list-item"> - <div class="post-title"> - <a href="/2023/05/02/Rust-Partial-%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89/"> - - Rust Partial 语义 - - </a> - </div> - - <span class="post-date">May 2, 2023</span> - </div> - - <div id="paginator"> <div class=paginator> diff --git a/archives/page/11/index.html b/archives/page/11/index.html index 6c646001..9a4bfeb2 100644 --- a/archives/page/11/index.html +++ b/archives/page/11/index.html @@ -170,6 +170,24 @@ <div class="post-list-item"> <div class="post-title"> + <a href="/2023/05/02/Rust-Partial-%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89/"> + + Rust Partial 语义 + + </a> + </div> + + <span class="post-date">May 2, 2023</span> + </div> + + + + + + + + <div class="post-list-item"> + <div class="post-title"> <a href="/2023/05/01/Rust-%E8%99%9A%E8%A1%A8%E5%B8%83%E5%B1%80%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D/"> Rust 虚表布局规则介绍 @@ -325,24 +343,6 @@ </div> - - - - - - <div class="post-list-item"> - <div class="post-title"> - <a href="/2023/03/01/%E6%B0%94%E8%83%B8/"> - - 气胸 - - </a> - </div> - - <span class="post-date">Mar 1, 2023</span> - </div> - - <div id="paginator"> <div class=paginator> diff --git a/archives/page/12/index.html b/archives/page/12/index.html index abaf2ceb..e8abc4a4 100644 --- a/archives/page/12/index.html +++ b/archives/page/12/index.html @@ -170,6 +170,24 @@ <div class="post-list-item"> <div class="post-title"> + <a href="/2023/03/01/%E6%B0%94%E8%83%B8/"> + + 气胸 + + </a> + </div> + + <span 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href="/2020/12/26/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%97%A5/"> + + 二零二零年十二月二十六日 + + </a> + </div> + + <span class="post-date">Dec 26, 2020</span> + </div> + + + + + + + + <div class="post-list-item"> + <div class="post-title"> <a href="/2020/12/09/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%B9%9D%E6%97%A5/"> 二零二零年十二月九日 diff --git a/archives/page/2/index.html b/archives/page/2/index.html index 49147653..dcf9f6dc 100644 --- a/archives/page/2/index.html +++ b/archives/page/2/index.html @@ -170,6 +170,24 @@ <div class="post-list-item"> <div class="post-title"> + <a href="/2025/04/02/N-1-selects-problem-%E4%B8%8E-Prisma-ORM/"> + + N+1 selects problem 与 Prisma ORM + + </a> + </div> + + <span class="post-date">Apr 2, 2025</span> + </div> + + + + + + + + <div class="post-list-item"> + <div class="post-title"> <a 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id="一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学"><a href="#一、-肠易激综合征的病理生理学" class="headerlink" title="一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学"></a>一、 肠易激综合征的病理生理学</h3><p>IBS 的病理生理机制非常复杂,并非由单一原因导致,而是多种因素相互作用的结果。目前的医学研究认为,其主要与以下几个核心机制有关:</p> +<h4 id="1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis"><a href="#1-脑-肠轴功能紊乱-Disorders-of-the-Brain-Gut-Axis" class="headerlink" title="1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)"></a>1. 脑-肠轴功能紊乱 (Disorders of the Brain-Gut Axis)</h4><p>这是 IBS 最核心的病理机制。大脑和肠道通过神经、内分泌和免疫系统形成一个双向沟通的“脑-肠轴”。在 IBS 患者中,这个轴的功能出现紊乱。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>自上而下:</strong> 心理压力、焦虑、抑郁等负面情绪可以直接通过大脑影响肠道的运动、感觉和分泌功能,从而诱发或加重症状。</li> +<li><strong>自下而上:</strong> 肠道内的信号(如食物、气体、肠道菌群代谢产物)被过度放大后传给大脑,导致大脑对这些正常刺激产生过度反应,表现为疼痛和不适。</li> +</ul> +<h4 id="2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity"><a href="#2-内脏高敏感性-Visceral-Hypersensitivity" class="headerlink" title="2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)"></a>2. 内脏高敏感性 (Visceral Hypersensitivity)</h4><p>这是指 IBS 患者的肠道对各种刺激(如食物、气体、肠壁的牵拉)异常敏感。正常人可以耐受的肠道内压力或活动,在 IBS 患者身上却会引发强烈的腹痛、急便感或不适。这种“放大”的感觉是 IBS 腹痛的主要原因。</p> +<h4 id="3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility"><a href="#3-胃肠动力异常-Altered-Gut-Motility" class="headerlink" title="3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)"></a>3. 胃肠动力异常 (Altered Gut Motility)</h4><p>肠道肌肉的收缩和舒张节律出现问题,导致食物和粪便在肠道内的转运速度异常。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>转运过快:</strong> 肠道内容物过快通过结肠,水分来不及被充分吸收,导致腹泻(IBS-D)。</li> +<li><strong>转运过慢:</strong> 肠道蠕动乏力,粪便在结肠内停留时间过长,水分被过度吸收,导致便秘(IBS-C)。</li> +<li><strong>节律紊乱:</strong> 有时快有时慢,导致腹泻与便秘交替出现(IBS-M)。</li> +</ul> +<h4 id="4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota"><a href="#4-肠道微生态失调-Alteration-in-Gut-Microbiota" class="headerlink" title="4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)"></a>4. 肠道微生态失调 (Alteration in Gut Microbiota)</h4><p>IBS 患者的肠道菌群组成和功能与健康人存在差异。有害菌可能增多,有益菌(如双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌)可能减少。这些失调的菌群会影响肠道屏障功能、产生过多气体、并激活免疫系统,导致腹胀和腹泻。</p> +<h4 id="5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation"><a href="#5-肠道低度炎症与免疫激活-Low-Grade-Inflammation-and-Immune-Activation" class="headerlink" title="5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)"></a>5. 肠道低度炎症与免疫激活 (Low-Grade Inflammation and Immune Activation)</h4><p>部分 IBS 患者的肠道黏膜中可以观察到轻微的炎症反应,例如肥大细胞等免疫细胞数量增多并被激活。这些细胞会释放组胺、5-羟色胺等物质,直接刺激肠道神经,引起疼痛和动力异常。这种情况尤其在感染性肠炎后发生的 IBS(PI-IBS)中更为常见。</p> +<h4 id="6-遗传与饮食因素"><a href="#6-遗传与饮食因素" class="headerlink" title="6. 遗传与饮食因素"></a>6. 遗传与饮食因素</h4><ul> +<li><strong>遗传:</strong> IBS具有一定的家族聚集性,提示可能存在遗传易感性。</li> +<li><strong>饮食:</strong> 某些食物,特别是含有高<strong>FODMAPs</strong>(可发酵的寡糖、双糖、单糖和多元醇)的食物,在小肠内难以被吸收,进入大肠后被细菌快速发酵,产生大量气体并增加肠道渗透压,从而诱发腹胀、腹痛和腹泻。</li> +</ul> +<h3 id="二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗"><a href="#二、-肠易激综合征的药物治疗" class="headerlink" title="二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗"></a>二、 肠易激综合征的药物治疗</h3><blockquote> +<p>IBS的治疗需要个体化,所有药物都应在医生指导下使用。医生应该根据具体的 IBS 亚型(腹泻型、便秘型、混合型)和主要症状来选择最合适的药物。</p> +</blockquote> +<h4 id="针对主要症状的药物"><a href="#针对主要症状的药物" class="headerlink" title="针对主要症状的药物"></a>针对主要症状的药物</h4><p><strong>1. 针对腹痛和腹胀(解痉药)</strong></p> +<p>这类药物通过放松肠道平滑肌,缓解肠道痉挛来减轻疼痛。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>匹维溴铵 (Pinaverium Bromide):</strong> 作用于肠道平滑肌的钙离子通道,选择性高,副作用较小。</li> +<li><strong>奥替溴铵 (Otilonium Bromide):</strong> 与匹维溴铵类似,对结肠有较高的亲和力。</li> +<li><strong>马来酸曲美布汀 (Trimebutine Maleate):</strong> 具有双向调节作用,在肠道动力过快时抑制它,过慢时促进它,对腹痛、腹泻和便秘都有一定效果。</li> +<li><strong>薄荷油 (Peppermint Oil):</strong> 是一种天然的解痉剂,其肠溶胶囊可以有效缓解腹痛和腹胀。</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>2. 针对腹泻 (IBS-D)</strong></p> +<ul> +<li><strong>洛哌丁胺 (Loperamide):</strong> 是一种止泻药,能减慢肠道蠕动,增加水分吸收。适用于急性腹泻发作,但不宜长期连续使用。</li> +<li><strong>蒙脱石散 (Montmorillonite Powder):</strong> 是一种肠道黏膜保护剂,能吸附肠道内的病菌和毒素,并覆盖在肠壁上形成保护层。</li> +<li><strong>利福昔明 (Rifaximin):</strong> 一种几乎不被肠道吸收的抗生素,可以调节肠道菌群,减少有害菌和产气,对改善腹泻和腹胀有良好效果。</li> +<li><strong>5-HT₃受体拮抗剂(如阿洛司琼 Alosetron):</strong> 能显著减缓肠道转运、减轻内脏敏感性。因可能引起严重便秘和缺血性结肠炎等副作用,使用受到严格限制,通常仅用于其他治疗无效的重度女性IBS-D患者。</li> +<li><strong>胆汁酸螯合剂(如考来烯胺 Cholestyramine):</strong> 适用于因胆汁酸吸收不良导致的腹泻型IBS。</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>3. 针对便秘 (IBS-C)</strong></p> +<ul> +<li><strong>容积性泻药(如欧车前、聚卡波非钙):</strong> 通过吸收水分增加粪便体积,刺激肠道蠕动。使用时需饮用足量水,否则可能加重便秘。</li> +<li><strong>渗透性泻药(如聚乙二醇 PEG、乳果糖):</strong> 通过在肠道内形成高渗环境,将水分保留在肠腔内,软化粪便,促进排便。相对安全,适合长期使用。</li> +<li><strong>促分泌药:</strong><ul> +<li><strong>鲁比前列酮 (Lubiprostone):</strong> 激活肠道氯离子通道,增加肠液分泌,软化粪便。</li> +<li><strong>利那洛肽 (Linaclotide)、普卡那肽 (Plecanatide):</strong> 激活鸟苷酸环化酶-C,促进肠液分泌,并能一定程度上缓解腹痛。</li> +</ul> +</li> +</ul> +<p><strong>4. 调节脑-肠轴功能的药物(精神类药物)</strong></p> +<p>对于伴有明显焦虑、抑郁或常规治疗无效的顽固性腹痛患者,医生可能会考虑使用低剂量的抗抑郁药。</p> +<ul> +<li><strong>三环类抗抑郁药 (TCAs)(如阿米替林):</strong> 低剂量使用可以有效缓解IBS的慢性腹痛,其抗胆碱能作用也有助于控制腹泻。</li> +<li><strong>选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂 (SSRIs)(如氟西汀、帕罗西汀):</strong> 可用于伴有便秘和焦虑的IBS患者。</li> +</ul> +<ol start="5"> +<li>益生菌 (Probiotics)</li> +</ol> +<p>补充特定的益生菌菌株(如某些双歧杆菌和乳酸杆菌)有助于恢复肠道微生态平衡,改善腹胀和总体症状。不同菌株效果各异,需根据产品说明和医生建议选用。</p> +]]></content> + <tags> + <tag>Medicine</tag> + </tags> + </entry> + <entry> <title>Linux 下 AMD 显卡屏幕画面闪烁问题修复方案</title> <url>/2025/04/20/linux-amd-screen-boom/</url> <content><