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-rw-r--r--2025/10/24/Neutrophils-are-a-double-edged-sword/index.html302
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-rw-r--r--search.xml49
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diff --git a/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html b/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html
index 12cb2808..40f52dba 100644
--- a/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html
+++ b/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/index.html
@@ -210,6 +210,11 @@
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,302 @@
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+ 中性粒细胞连你一起干
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+ <span class="post-date">
+ Oct 24, 2025
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+ <p>中性粒细胞作为人体先天免疫系统中最丰富的白细胞亚型,约占循环白细胞总数的50-70%,其核心功能在于快速响应感染和炎症信号,从而维持组织稳态和防御外来入侵者。但其在高效杀灭病原体却可能释放有毒物质,这源于其进化设计:在急性感染中,这些物质针对性破坏微生物,而在慢性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)中,过度激活则可能加剧组织损伤。</p>
+<p>中性粒细胞的主要作用体现在免疫防御和炎症调控上。</p>
+<p>首先,它们通过趋化因子(如IL-8、LTB4)和黏附分子(如整合素)从骨髓快速募集到感染或损伤部位,寿命通常仅为数小时至几天,却能高效执行任务。</p>
+<p>其次,它们通过吞噬作用(phagocytosis)摄取细菌、真菌或其他病原体,并在吞噬体-溶酶体融合后释放颗粒内容物杀死目标。这种颗粒包括原初颗粒(azurophilic granules,富含髓过氧化物酶和防御素)、次级颗粒(specific granules,含乳铁蛋白和胶原酶)以及三级颗粒(gelatinase granules,含明胶酶)。</p>
+<p>中性粒细胞还能形成中性粒细胞外陷阱(NETs),一种DNA-蛋白复合网状结构,用于捕获和杀死大颗粒病原体,如某些细菌或寄生虫。这些机制确保了中性粒细胞在急性炎症中的“第一响应者”角色,例如在肺炎或创伤中,它们能限制感染扩散,防止系统性败血症。</p>
+<p>但中性粒细胞释放的许多物质本质上是有毒的,这是其杀菌机制的核心,为了高效消灭病原体,它们必须产生非特异性破坏性工具。</p>
+<p>这些毒性物质主要包括活性氧簇(ROS,如超氧化物和过氧化氢,由NADPH氧化酶产生)、反应性氮中间体(RNI)、蛋白水解酶(如弹性蛋白酶、胶原酶和MMP-9,即基质金属蛋白酶-9)以及阳离子蛋白(如防御素和细菌素)。</p>
+<p>ROS通过氧化损伤病原体DNA和蛋白质,RNI则干扰微生物代谢,而蛋白酶则降解细胞壁或外膜。</p>
+<p>在正常生理条件下,这些释放是局部的、短暂的,受调控以最小化对宿主组织的损伤(例如,通过抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶)或蛋白酶抑制剂(如α1-抗胰蛋白酶)来平衡。)</p>
+<p>但当激活信号持续存在时,如在慢性炎症环境中,中性粒细胞会过度募集和脱颗粒,导致毒性物质外溢,引发旁观者效应(bystander damage),损伤邻近健康细胞和基质。</p>
+<p>在COPD这一慢性气道炎症疾病中,中性粒细胞的作用被放大为病理驱动因素。</p>
+<p>COPD患者常伴随吸烟或环境暴露诱发的氧化应激,导致气道上皮释放大量趋化因子(如CXCL8/IL-8和LTB4,脂氧合酶途径产物),从而持续募集中性粒细胞。</p>
+<p>这些细胞在肺泡和支气管黏膜定植后,释放MMP-9(促进基质降解和气道重构)、弹性蛋白酶(破坏弹性纤维,导致肺气肿)和LTB4(进一步放大炎症级联)。</p>
+<p>而 PDE4(磷酸二酯酶4)能够降解cAMP(环腺苷酸),从而增强中性粒细胞的趋化、脱颗粒和ROS产生。</p>
+<p>所以临床上,PDE4 抑制剂如罗氟司特(roflumilast)被批准用于重度COPD,以降低中性粒细胞介导的炎症,减少急性加重风险。</p>
+<p>同时,B细胞和T细胞的交互可间接放大中性粒细胞响应,而MMP-9的升高则与COPD进展相关,血清水平可作为生物标志物监测疾病严重度。</p>
+<p>总体而言,在COPD中,中性粒细胞从毒性释放加剧了气道阻塞、肺功能下降和共病风险,如心血管事件。</p>
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diff --git a/archives/2025/10/index.html b/archives/2025/10/index.html
index 347bbf9f..422fc3ef 100644
--- a/archives/2025/10/index.html
+++ b/archives/2025/10/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
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+ <a href="/2025/10/24/Neutrophils-are-a-double-edged-sword/">
+
+ 中性粒细胞连你一起干
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<a href="/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/">
什么是 G⁺
diff --git a/archives/2025/index.html b/archives/2025/index.html
index acb8c678..91165357 100644
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+++ b/archives/2025/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
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什么是 G⁺
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@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
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DADGAD 定弦
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@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
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二〇二五年四月三日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
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- DDD 中的 Ubiquitous Language
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@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
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+ <a href="/2025/03/14/DDD-%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84-Ubiquitous-Languages/">
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+ DDD 中的 Ubiquitous Language
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领域驱动设计中的“聚合根”
diff --git a/archives/index.html b/archives/index.html
index fa3ef13f..6ac3b057 100644
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@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
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<a href="/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/">
什么是 G⁺
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index d1d1a6f9..2e60e9fe 100644
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+++ b/archives/page/10/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
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+ <a href="/2023/10/21/OCaml-Core-Int-pow-%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/">
+
+ OCaml Core.Int.pow 的实现
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肝功能检查化验单阅读指南
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
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diff --git a/archives/page/11/index.html b/archives/page/11/index.html
index 2c7d79e8..5c5c3214 100644
--- a/archives/page/11/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/11/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/08/15/poll-error-attribute-in-OCaml/">
+
+ 使用 [@poll error] 实现线程安全的数据结构
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Aug 15, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/08/01/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二三年八月一日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/05/24/Rust-%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85-lifetime-may-not-live-long-enough-%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/">
-
- Rust 闭包 lifetime may not live long enough 问题
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">May 24, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/12/index.html b/archives/page/12/index.html
index 9f1a45b6..450d74dd 100644
--- a/archives/page/12/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/12/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/05/24/Rust-%E9%97%AD%E5%8C%85-lifetime-may-not-live-long-enough-%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98/">
+
+ Rust 闭包 lifetime may not live long enough 问题
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">May 24, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/05/03/Rust-NewType-%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F/">
Rust NewType 模式
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/03/05/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%96%E9%9F%A6/">
-
- 奥司他韦
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Mar 5, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/13/index.html b/archives/page/13/index.html
index 7af25176..a93d110f 100644
--- a/archives/page/13/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/13/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/03/05/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%96%E9%9F%A6/">
+
+ 奥司他韦
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Mar 5, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/03/04/%E9%87%91%E5%8C%AE%E8%A6%81%E7%95%A5/">
金匮要略
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/01/21/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二零二三年一月二十一日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Jan 21, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/14/index.html b/archives/page/14/index.html
index b091a0c7..8ef8f779 100644
--- a/archives/page/14/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/14/index.html
@@ -165,6 +165,26 @@
+ <div class="year-title">2023</div>
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/01/21/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二零二三年一月二十一日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jan 21, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
<div class="year-title">2022</div>
@@ -327,24 +347,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2021/02/16/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二零二一年二月十六日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Feb 16, 2021</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/15/index.html b/archives/page/15/index.html
index 7fbb9f98..20e11dba 100644
--- a/archives/page/15/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/15/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2021/02/16/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二零二一年二月十六日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Feb 16, 2021</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2021/02/14/%E4%BA%8C%E9%9B%B6%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5/">
二零二一年二月十四日
diff --git a/archives/page/2/index.html b/archives/page/2/index.html
index ea32b913..eeff4e8f 100644
--- a/archives/page/2/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/2/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/07/11/rep-date/">
+
+ 除权除息日,股价调整与分红
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jul 11, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/07/08/dadgad/">
DADGAD 定弦
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/04/13/uuidv7-rdbms/">
-
- UUID v7 是如何加快 RDBMS 索引速度的
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Apr 13, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/3/index.html b/archives/page/3/index.html
index 3dedb821..8364ac74 100644
--- a/archives/page/3/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/3/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/04/13/uuidv7-rdbms/">
+
+ UUID v7 是如何加快 RDBMS 索引速度的
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Apr 13, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/04/03/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%94%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%89%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二五年四月三日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2025/03/14/DDD-%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84-Ubiquitous-Languages/">
-
- DDD 中的 Ubiquitous Language
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Mar 14, 2025</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/4/index.html b/archives/page/4/index.html
index 8ea21b94..63963dcf 100644
--- a/archives/page/4/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/4/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/03/14/DDD-%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84-Ubiquitous-Languages/">
+
+ DDD 中的 Ubiquitous Language
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Mar 14, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/03/13/%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E6%A0%B9%E2%80%9D/">
领域驱动设计中的“聚合根”
@@ -327,24 +345,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/11/26/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C/">
-
- 如何管理用户界面中的危险操作
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Nov 26, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/5/index.html b/archives/page/5/index.html
index 723d30e2..489ada9f 100644
--- a/archives/page/5/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/5/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/11/26/%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%95%8C%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%B1%E9%99%A9%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C/">
+
+ 如何管理用户界面中的危险操作
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Nov 26, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/11/17/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二四年十一月十七日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/09/12/Functional-Reactive-Programming-in-F/">
-
- Functional Reactive Programming in F#
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Sep 12, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/6/index.html b/archives/page/6/index.html
index ca0e3496..ca982271 100644
--- a/archives/page/6/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/6/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/09/12/Functional-Reactive-Programming-in-F/">
+
+ Functional Reactive Programming in F#
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Sep 12, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/09/12/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%9D%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二四年九月十二日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/07/01/OCaml-News-2024-4/">
-
- OCaml News 2024-4
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Jul 1, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/7/index.html b/archives/page/7/index.html
index 2bed44a1..f01de00c 100644
--- a/archives/page/7/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/7/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/07/01/OCaml-News-2024-4/">
+
+ OCaml News 2024-4
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jul 1, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/06/27/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二四年六月二十七日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/03/22/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二〇二四年三月二十二日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Mar 22, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/8/index.html b/archives/page/8/index.html
index 06433edb..78b97a07 100644
--- a/archives/page/8/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/8/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/03/22/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%9B%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二四年三月二十二日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Mar 22, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/02/26/OCaml-News-2024-3/">
OCaml News 2024-3
@@ -325,26 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
- <div class="year-title">2023</div>
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/12/02/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5/">
-
- 二〇二三年十二月二日
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Dec 2, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/archives/page/9/index.html b/archives/page/9/index.html
index 0b1c8d1b..95dffe68 100644
--- a/archives/page/9/index.html
+++ b/archives/page/9/index.html
@@ -170,6 +170,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/12/02/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%BA%8C%E6%97%A5/">
+
+ 二〇二三年十二月二日
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Dec 2, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/12/01/%E4%BA%8C%E3%80%87%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E6%9C%88%E4%B8%80%E6%97%A5/">
二〇二三年十二月一日
@@ -325,24 +343,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/10/21/OCaml-Core-Int-pow-%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/">
-
- OCaml Core.Int.pow 的实现
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Oct 21, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/search.xml b/search.xml
index 322305c5..4739ceb2 100644
--- a/search.xml
+++ b/search.xml
@@ -969,6 +969,31 @@ await prisma.$transaction(async tx =&gt; &#123;
</tags>
</entry>
<entry>
+ <title>中性粒细胞连你一起干</title>
+ <url>/2025/10/24/Neutrophils-are-a-double-edged-sword/</url>
+ <content><![CDATA[<p>中性粒细胞作为人体先天免疫系统中最丰富的白细胞亚型,约占循环白细胞总数的50-70%,其核心功能在于快速响应感染和炎症信号,从而维持组织稳态和防御外来入侵者。但其在高效杀灭病原体却可能释放有毒物质,这源于其进化设计:在急性感染中,这些物质针对性破坏微生物,而在慢性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)中,过度激活则可能加剧组织损伤。</p>
+<p>中性粒细胞的主要作用体现在免疫防御和炎症调控上。</p>
+<p>首先,它们通过趋化因子(如IL-8、LTB4)和黏附分子(如整合素)从骨髓快速募集到感染或损伤部位,寿命通常仅为数小时至几天,却能高效执行任务。</p>
+<p>其次,它们通过吞噬作用(phagocytosis)摄取细菌、真菌或其他病原体,并在吞噬体-溶酶体融合后释放颗粒内容物杀死目标。这种颗粒包括原初颗粒(azurophilic granules,富含髓过氧化物酶和防御素)、次级颗粒(specific granules,含乳铁蛋白和胶原酶)以及三级颗粒(gelatinase granules,含明胶酶)。</p>
+<p>中性粒细胞还能形成中性粒细胞外陷阱(NETs),一种DNA-蛋白复合网状结构,用于捕获和杀死大颗粒病原体,如某些细菌或寄生虫。这些机制确保了中性粒细胞在急性炎症中的“第一响应者”角色,例如在肺炎或创伤中,它们能限制感染扩散,防止系统性败血症。</p>
+<p>但中性粒细胞释放的许多物质本质上是有毒的,这是其杀菌机制的核心,为了高效消灭病原体,它们必须产生非特异性破坏性工具。</p>
+<p>这些毒性物质主要包括活性氧簇(ROS,如超氧化物和过氧化氢,由NADPH氧化酶产生)、反应性氮中间体(RNI)、蛋白水解酶(如弹性蛋白酶、胶原酶和MMP-9,即基质金属蛋白酶-9)以及阳离子蛋白(如防御素和细菌素)。</p>
+<p>ROS通过氧化损伤病原体DNA和蛋白质,RNI则干扰微生物代谢,而蛋白酶则降解细胞壁或外膜。</p>
+<p>在正常生理条件下,这些释放是局部的、短暂的,受调控以最小化对宿主组织的损伤(例如,通过抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶)或蛋白酶抑制剂(如α1-抗胰蛋白酶)来平衡。)</p>
+<p>但当激活信号持续存在时,如在慢性炎症环境中,中性粒细胞会过度募集和脱颗粒,导致毒性物质外溢,引发旁观者效应(bystander damage),损伤邻近健康细胞和基质。</p>
+<p>在COPD这一慢性气道炎症疾病中,中性粒细胞的作用被放大为病理驱动因素。</p>
+<p>COPD患者常伴随吸烟或环境暴露诱发的氧化应激,导致气道上皮释放大量趋化因子(如CXCL8/IL-8和LTB4,脂氧合酶途径产物),从而持续募集中性粒细胞。</p>
+<p>这些细胞在肺泡和支气管黏膜定植后,释放MMP-9(促进基质降解和气道重构)、弹性蛋白酶(破坏弹性纤维,导致肺气肿)和LTB4(进一步放大炎症级联)。</p>
+<p>而 PDE4(磷酸二酯酶4)能够降解cAMP(环腺苷酸),从而增强中性粒细胞的趋化、脱颗粒和ROS产生。</p>
+<p>所以临床上,PDE4 抑制剂如罗氟司特(roflumilast)被批准用于重度COPD,以降低中性粒细胞介导的炎症,减少急性加重风险。</p>
+<p>同时,B细胞和T细胞的交互可间接放大中性粒细胞响应,而MMP-9的升高则与COPD进展相关,血清水平可作为生物标志物监测疾病严重度。</p>
+<p>总体而言,在COPD中,中性粒细胞从毒性释放加剧了气道阻塞、肺功能下降和共病风险,如心血管事件。</p>
+]]></content>
+ <tags>
+ <tag>Medicine</tag>
+ </tags>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
<title>OCaml Core.Int.pow 的实现</title>
<url>/2023/10/21/OCaml-Core-Int-pow-%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0/</url>
<content><![CDATA[<p>Core内部直接引用的Base的实现, Base的实现在 <a href="https://github.com/janestreet/base/blob/494a0876168d24cda695cbb9a3d86ad8d1eb97d8/src/int_math.ml#L11-L18">src/int_math.ml</a> 中:</p>
@@ -5567,18 +5592,6 @@ NestJS 依赖其底层 HTTP 适配器(默认为 Express)来解析传入的�
</tags>
</entry>
<entry>
- <title>给尸体上 ECMO 并维持心跳</title>
- <url>/2024/05/13/%E7%BB%99%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%8A-ECMO-%E5%B9%B6%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%B3/</url>
- <content><![CDATA[<p>没用,真实案例中,脑死亡一天后,大脑开始液化,腹腔内脏会自融,胸部肌肉皮肤会被人工呼吸机(通俗一点的叫法)捶打成肉糜一样烂,此时开颅查看大脑变成一摊灰色浆糊,脑脊液“会从鼻孔里流出来,好像清鼻涕一样。</p>
-<p>植物人存活160多天生子的案例,首先植物人连大脑皮层都未必死亡(那些昏迷多年能醒的植物人,大脑额叶,大脑皮层明显没死亡),而能够存活一百多天的案例,肯定脑干功能也没有完全消失。</p>
-<p>大脑和内脏快速自融的无一例外都是大脑皮层和脑干都彻底死亡,植物神经活动消失。于是大脑和内脏快速的产生自融现象。</p>
-<p>像是激素调节和神经调节同时失能。比如TSH停止分泌后甲状腺停工,然后T4也没了代谢就出问题了。这是全身性的内分泌失能,失去激素调节细胞功能丧失也正常。</p>
-]]></content>
- <tags>
- <tag>Medicine</tag>
- </tags>
- </entry>
- <entry>
<title>什么玩意儿都是</title>
<url>/2024/09/07/%E7%BB%99%E5%AD%A9%E5%AD%90%E4%BB%AC%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%9D/</url>
<content><![CDATA[<p>那些自古流传至今的至理名言,如无证实都不可信。今天人人称道的真理,明天却有可能被证实为谬论;有些人被这种云山雾罩的谬论遮蔽了双眼,还以为那是会为他们的土地带来甘露的云雨。</p>
@@ -5591,6 +5604,18 @@ NestJS 依赖其底层 HTTP 适配器(默认为 Express)来解析传入的�
</tags>
</entry>
<entry>
+ <title>给尸体上 ECMO 并维持心跳</title>
+ <url>/2024/05/13/%E7%BB%99%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%8A-ECMO-%E5%B9%B6%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%B3/</url>
+ <content><![CDATA[<p>没用,真实案例中,脑死亡一天后,大脑开始液化,腹腔内脏会自融,胸部肌肉皮肤会被人工呼吸机(通俗一点的叫法)捶打成肉糜一样烂,此时开颅查看大脑变成一摊灰色浆糊,脑脊液“会从鼻孔里流出来,好像清鼻涕一样。</p>
+<p>植物人存活160多天生子的案例,首先植物人连大脑皮层都未必死亡(那些昏迷多年能醒的植物人,大脑额叶,大脑皮层明显没死亡),而能够存活一百多天的案例,肯定脑干功能也没有完全消失。</p>
+<p>大脑和内脏快速自融的无一例外都是大脑皮层和脑干都彻底死亡,植物神经活动消失。于是大脑和内脏快速的产生自融现象。</p>
+<p>像是激素调节和神经调节同时失能。比如TSH停止分泌后甲状腺停工,然后T4也没了代谢就出问题了。这是全身性的内分泌失能,失去激素调节细胞功能丧失也正常。</p>
+]]></content>
+ <tags>
+ <tag>Medicine</tag>
+ </tags>
+ </entry>
+ <entry>
<title>肝功能检查化验单阅读指南</title>
<url>/2023/10/13/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C%E5%8D%95/</url>
<content><![CDATA[<p><img src="/img/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C%E5%8D%95Demo.jpeg" alt=""></p>
diff --git a/tags/Medicine/index.html b/tags/Medicine/index.html
index f5fd1819..063f14a0 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2025/10/24/Neutrophils-are-a-double-edged-sword/">
+
+ 中性粒细胞连你一起干
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Oct 24, 2025</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2025/10/19/Gram-stain/">
什么是 G⁺
@@ -334,24 +352,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2024/07/09/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9/">
-
- 内护神经系统重点考点
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Jul 9, 2024</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html b/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
index 443fbada..88cad5b4 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/page/2/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2024/07/09/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9/">
+
+ 内护神经系统重点考点
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Jul 9, 2024</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2024/05/13/%E7%BB%99%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%8A-ECMO-%E5%B9%B6%E7%BB%B4%E6%8C%81%E5%BF%83%E8%B7%B3/">
给尸体上 ECMO 并维持心跳
@@ -334,24 +352,6 @@
</div>
-
-
-
-
-
- <div class="post-list-item">
- <div class="post-title">
- <a href="/2023/10/13/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C%E5%8D%95/">
-
- 肝功能检查化验单阅读指南
-
- </a>
- </div>
-
- <span class="post-date">Oct 13, 2023</span>
- </div>
-
-
<div id="paginator">
<div class=paginator>
diff --git a/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html b/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
index c4bcb83c..97f1e651 100644
--- a/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
+++ b/tags/Medicine/page/3/index.html
@@ -177,6 +177,24 @@
<div class="post-list-item">
<div class="post-title">
+ <a href="/2023/10/13/%E8%82%9D%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C%E5%8D%95/">
+
+ 肝功能检查化验单阅读指南
+
+ </a>
+ </div>
+
+ <span class="post-date">Oct 13, 2023</span>
+ </div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ <div class="post-list-item">
+ <div class="post-title">
<a href="/2023/10/12/%E8%A1%80%E5%B8%B8%E8%A7%84%E5%8C%96%E9%AA%8C%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/">
血常规化验结果阅读指南